美国医师执照考试丛书：外科学（第12版）

PreTest is the closest you can get to seeing the test before you take it
student tested and reviewed
"...a comprehensive compilation of questions both in general surgery and surgical subspecialties which will be extremely useful for both the medical students and the residents studying for their boards"
——Ranjith Ramasamy MD, Resident, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical College
"The explanation for each question was clear and filled with enough detail to reinforce something that I had already known, or it helped me to remember and understand things that I hadnt quite grasped before."
——Judy Vu, Medical Student, University of Utah School of Medicine
"...highly relevant to the material/concepts tested on the USMLE Step 2"
——Kevyn To, Medical Student, SUNY Upstate College of Medicine
500 USMLE-style questions and answers
Detailed explanations for right and wrong answers
Targets what you really need to know for exam success
Student tested and reviewed
Great for clerkship review and the USMLE Step 2 CK！ Surgery： PreTest asks the right questions so youll know the right answers. Open it and start learning whats on the test.

This powerful study guide provides valuable experience in working through cases you must know on exam day. Youll also find active-recall questions that reinforce key points and hundreds of high-yield images correlated to First Aid for the USMLE Step 1.
美国医师执照考试是针对全世界各国医学院的学生或毕业生，欲到美国从医的执照考试，考试全部为选择题，采用计算机考试。考试分为：Step 1（第一阶段），考察医学基础学科知识；Step 2（第二阶段），考察临床医学知识和临床技能；Step 3（第三阶段），测试考生的实际工作能力。
《美国医师执照考试丛书：外科学（第12版）》介绍了“Pre- and Postoperative Care”、“Critical Care：Anesthesiology，Blood Gases，and Respiratory Care”、“Skin：Wounds，Infections，and Burns；Hands；Plastic Surgery”等众多内容。

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Introduction
Pre-and Postoperative Care
Questions
Answers

Critical Care： Anesthesiology，Blood Gases，and Respiratory Care
Questions
Answers

Skin：Wounds，Infections，and Burns；Hands；Plastic Surgery
Questions
Answers

Trauma and Shock
Questions
Answers

Transplants，Immunology，and Oncology
Questions
Answers

Endocrine Problems and the Breast
Questions
Answers

Gastrointestinal Tract，Liver，and Pancreas
Questions
Answers

Cardiothoracic Problems
Questions
Answers

Peripheral Vascular Problems
Questions
Answers

Urology
Questions
Answers

Orthopedics
Questions
Answers

Neurosurgery
Questions
Answers

Otolaryngology
Questions
Answers

Pediatric Surgery
Questions
Answers
Bibliography

22. The answer is c. （Brunicardi, pp 1463-1465.） Acute adrenal insufficiency can occur in patients with severe stress, infection, or trauma or as a result of abrupt cessation or too rapid tapering of chronic glucocorticoid therapy, and is classically manifested as changing mental status, increased temperature, cardiovascular collapse, hypoglycemia, and hyperkalemia. The diagnosis can be difficult to make and requires a high index of suspicion. Its clinical presentation is similar to that of sepsis; however, sepsis is generally associated with hyperglycemia and no significant change in potassium. The treatment for adrenal crisis is intravenous steroids, volume resuscitation, and other supportive measures to treat any new or ongoing stress. Dexamethasone is the steroid replacement of choice when empirically treating adrenal insufficiency since hydrocortisone can interfere with confirmatory testing （adrenocorticotropic hormone [ACTH] stimulation test）. Steroid treatment can be subsequently converted to oral medication and tapered after treatment of the adrenal crisis.
23. The answer is e. （Brunicardi, p 78.） Transfusions with FFP to replenish vitamin K-dependent dotting factors should be administered on call to the operating room. The timing of transfusion is dependent on the quantity of each factor delivered and its half-life. The half-life of the most stable dotting factor, factor VII, is 4 to 6 hours. Thus, transfusion of FFP on call to the operating room ensures that the transfusion is complete prior to the incision, with circulating factors to cover the operative and immediate postoperative period.