参考答案 Affiliation refers to having a close relationship with one person or a group. This concept has been applied in advertisements to show the product has a close connection with people. The professor gives an example of two ways to make advertisement for a soda company using the affiliation techniques. In one of the ads, people are enjoying themselves at a party and drinking a specific kind of soda. Then the message is delivered that drinking this soda makes people have fun. It forms a good relationship between people and product. In the other ad, people are drinking the same kind of soda at a baseball game when someone takes out a different bottle. This action shocks everyone at the game and creates an awkward moment. TASK 4-14 Ecosystem Everything in the natural world is connected. An ecosystem is a natural community, which includes living organisms such as all plants, animals and microorganisms and physical surroundings such as the air, water, and the soil. All the parts work together to make a balanced system by interacting and interdependent relationships. If the ecosystem is harmed by its surroundings or human activity, "resilience" will allow the ecosystem to return to its original situation. Now listen to part of a talk in a ecology class. The professor is discussing ecosystem. Let me give you an example. When oil tankers spill oil on the fragile coastal ecosystem, the oil is spilled on coral reefs and kills many fish. Living organisms like fish are killed, but more than that, this harms the water by stimulating the growth of aquatic plants and algae. Scientists worry that excessive growth of algae blocks light to deeper water and this brings more death to the ecosystem. Attempts to clean up the spill involve human effort, but more surprisingly, organisms restore nature themselves. This is how it works. Algae increase when fish die, then the living fish replace the dead fish to eat the algae. This way the algae are removed from the water. And also this is how the ecosystem recovers from the spill. Using points and examples from the lecture, explain how the ecosystem is restored in the resilient system. 参考答案 An ecosystem includes living organisms and physical surroundings. All the parts work together to make a balanced system. If the ecosystem is harmed, "resilience" will allow the ecosystem to return to its original situation. The professor explains this by giving an example of the coastal ecosystem. After the oil tankers spill oil on the fragile coastal ecosystem, many living organisms like fish are killed and the water is polluted because aquatic plants and algae grow. Scientists worry it will cause deadly harm to its ecosystem. But surprisingly, organisms restore nature themselves. Algae increase when fish die, then the living fish replace the dead fish to eat the algae. Then the algae are removed from the water. ……
前言/序言
中国学生的托福口语成绩长期徘徊在全世界非英语国家考生的中下游，究其原因有很多。在本书中笔者将从出题人（Developer）的角度，从测试学、二语习得原理等角度对中国学生口语成绩的长期不理想进行解构，力图从“道”的层面到“术”的层面全面帮助同学们提高语言输出能力，提高新托福备考的效率，最终获得理想分数。 首先，众所周知在西方主流的八种语言教学法里，我国长期采用的是第一种教学法：Grammar-Translation Based Teaching Methodology（以下简称GT）（基于“文法一翻译”教学法）。这种方法作为西方语言教学和解构的方法原本的目的是帮助学习者进行文学赏析，但很快被西方人自己标注为Non-Scientific（不科学的）。成为一种过时的、不符合语言学习原理的教学法。西方的教学法从GT到Communicative Teaching Methodology（交互式教学法）不断从纯理论的赏析转变为实用主义。新托福考试的改革便是对世界主流教学法的一种回应，以适应大学对国际学生语言能力的要求。GT教学法在中国大陆的主流状态使得中国语言习得者语言的输入（阅读、听力）和输出能力（口语、写作）严重失衡。这种失衡导致中国学生在参加新托福考试时输出能力成为短板。 ……
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